hardware and nertworkin notes

 

Index

1.     MS Office

2.     Introduction to Computer

3.     Microprocessor

4.     Memory

5.     HDD

6.     SMPS

7.     Motherboard

8.     Keyboard

9.     Mouse

10.  Monitor

11.  Printer

12.  Scanner

13.  Portable Personal Computer

14.  Webcam

15.  Computer Components, Safety & Precautions

16.  BIOS/UEFI/Firmware

17.  Full Forms

18.  Interview Q&A

19.  Operating System

20.  Windows 10

21.  Virtual Machine

22.  Desktop Personalization

23.  Program & Features - Apps

24.  User Management

25.  Disk Management

26.  Device Management

27.  MAC Address/IP Address

28.  Bitlocker & Bitlocker to Go

29.  Firewall/Defender

30.  Printer Sharing & File Sharing

31.  Remote Management

32.  Windows Update

33.  Backup & Restore

34.  PC Reset & Repair

35.  Virus & Antivirus

36.  Workgroup & Domain

37.  Basic Networking

38.  Transmission Media

39.  OSI & TCP/IP Model

40.  Networking Devices

41.  Network Topology

MS Office

MS Office stands for Microsoft Office and is developed by Microsoft.

It is an application software used to create and manage office documents like excel, power point, outlook, one drive etc.

Some other open office software are - Apache Office, Libre Office etc.

Microsoft Office is a set of computer applications mainly used for business or office purposes. First introduced in 1990.

MS Office helps simplify basic office tasks and improve work productivity. Each application is designed to address specific tasks, such as word processing, data management, making presentations and organising emails.

Edition/Version of MS Office

There are many editions of MS Office.

•                 MS Office 90/95.

•                 MS Office 2000. •       MS Office 2003. •       MS Office 2007. •       MS Office 2010. • MS Office 2013. •       MS Office 2016. •       MS Office 2019.

•                 MS Office 2021.

•                 MS Office 365.

Note: - Package

Home /student.

Home and business.

Professional.

Professional plus.

Tools of MS Office :-

There are many tools:-

●       Ms Word.             W           ex name               -.docx

●       Ms Excel.             X             ex name               -.xlsx

●       MS PowerPoint. P             ex name               -.pptx ● Ms Outlook.       O ex name           -.pst & .ost ● Ms One Note.

●       One Drive.

●       Ms Publisher.

●       Ms Access

Ms office minimum hardware requirement:-

component	32 bit	64 bit
1-cpu	1.0 ghz	1.5 ghz
2-ram	1gb	2gb
3-hdd	500 mb	5gb

MS Word :-

It is a tool used to create word documents.

Create & Manage – Resume, CV, Template, Letter, Magazine, Books etc.

Extension Name is .docx

Basic command use in MS office:-

•       CONT+A = SELECT ALL ITEM

•       CONT+S = SAVE

•       CONT+C = COPY

•       CONT+V = PAST

•       CONT+P = PRINT

•       CONT+Z = UNDO REDO

•       CONT+SHIFT+N = NEW PAGE /NEW FOLDER

MS Excel :-

It is a tool used to create word Spreadsheet.

Create & Manage – Accounting Sheets, Mark sheet, Calendar, Item List, Salary Slip, Attendance Sheet etc.

Extension name- .xlsx

Column- 16,384, rows-10,48,576

Formulas:-

Addition –	=sum (A1+B1)
Subtraction -	=sum (A1-B1)
Multiplication -	=sum (A1*B1)
Division -	=sum (A1/B1)
Percentage -	=sum (A1/B1*100)

No. from Percentage - =sum (A1*B1/100)

MS PowerPoint :-

It is a tool used to create word presentation documents.

Ex – Product presentation, Introduction document etc.

Extension name - .pptx

One Note – It is a note taking app by Microsoft.

Introduction to Computer

1.     Analogy Computer-it is represented in data analogy format.

2.     Digital Computer data represented in digital format.

3.     Hybrid Computer is a combination of analogy and digital computer.

Types of digital computer according to Shape, Size & Performance-

There are four types of Computers:-

1.     Mini Computer

2.     Micro Computer (PC – Personal Computer)

3.     Main Frame Computer

4.     Super Computer

Mini Computer-

●                Small comp.

●                Slow processing.

●                Minimum storage. ● Single tasking.

●                Single User

●                Simple application.

●                Low cost compared to other comp.

●                Use in home, small offices, education etc.

Micro computer-

●                It is a personal computer.

●                It is also called a mid-range server.

●                Multitasking.

●                Multi user.

●                Maximum storage (16 TB)

●                Fast processing compared to mini comp.

●                High application use.

●                High cost.

●                Use in home, office, education, game etc.

Main frame computer

●                It is also called Server computer.

●                Made up floor and room.

●                Large size.

●                Multi-tasking.

●                Multi users.

●                Maximum storage (16 TB) EXTENDABLE.

●                High application.

●                24*7 h work

●                Create a high amount of heating.

●                Consume high power.

●                High cost.

●                Use in large organisations.

Super computer

●                It uses turbo boost technology.

●                High cost.

●                High application

●                Work in single pc to multi user in at a time.

●                Large size.

●                Create a large amount of heating.

●                Work 24*7.

●                More power consumed.

●                Use in research centres like- ISRO, NASA, Weather organisation and Large organisation.

Component of computer

They are divided into two types.

	Internal component		External component
1.	Microprocessor/CPU/main brain/IC.	1.	Monitor
2.	Memory /ram /rom	2.	keyboard
1.	Motherboard /PCB	3.	mouse /pointing device
2.	HDD/PATA/SATA/SSD	4.	speaker
3.	ODD (optional)	5.	ups

 vv.

4.	SMPS /Power Supply	6.	printer
5.	HeatSink Fan/CPU Fan	7.	scanner
6.	System Fan
7.	Expansion (LAN card, sound card, Graphics card ,Gaming card, Pci card) optional
8.	Thermal Compound
9.	Cabinet

 

Microprocessor

Microprocessor is a multipurpose programmable and logical device that reads binary instructions from memory and provides output in an effective manner.

It performs many tasks like: Adding, Multiplication, Division, Subtraction and also performs simple tasks like turn on and turn off the PCs.

This operation results from a set of instructions that are part of the microprocessor design.

It is represented with four components namely Microprocessor, Memory, Input Device, and Output Device that work together.

-        Clock Speed (Range 66Mhz to 3.5Ghz)

Speed depends on no. of instructions & transistors.

-        FSB/GSB/DMI/QPI/PCI Bus

-        Cache Memory - Temporary Memory, Fast part of processor, Range 66 kb to 12MB, L3 Smart Cash 6to12Mb.         Eg. Google Search, stored in cache memory

Types Of Processors

1.     Based On Architecture - 4,8,16,32,64 bit Architecture

2.     Based On Packaging - PGA(Pin Grid Array - LOW INSERTION FORCE) & LGA(Land Grid Array - ZERO INSERTION FORCE)

3.     Based On Performance/Generation - Pentium 1,2,3,4, Intel Core Duo, Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core i3,i5,i7,i9

Latest Intel Processors are of 13 Gen

Features Of Microprocessor

Pipeline - It's a feature of Microprocessor where the microprocessor starts executing a second instruction before the execution of the first instruction is completed.

Hyper Threading - Hyper threading is a feature of Microprocessor that enables a single Processor to work as Two different logical processors. In Hyper threading two threads can be executed by the Microprocessor at the same time.

Note: Thread is a single code of execution.

Multitasking - Multitasking enables the processor to work at two or more tasks at the same time.

Two Types of Multitasking:-

✔Preemptive Multitasking

✔Priority Multitasking

EIST (Enhanced Intel Speed Step Technology) - It is a feature of microprocessor that allows the system to dynamically adjust Processor voltage and core frequency.

EDB (Execute Disable Bit) - It is a feature of microprocessor and also known as Intel Hardware Based Security that allows the processor to classify areas in memory where application code can or cannot execute.

Intel Turbo Boost Technology - It is a feature of Microprocessor that allows the processor core to run faster then the base operating Voltage.

Intel Smart Cache - Intel Smart Cache allows each core to dynamically utilise up to 100% of available cache.

Virtualization - Virtualization is a technology that is used to run multiple virtual machines on a single machine.

Intel 64bit Technology - Intel 64bit Technology allows the processor to run newly written 64bit code memory and allows access to a large amount of memory.

Note:- Processor Voltage - 3.3 to 1.2v (Lower = Better)

Sockets

First PGA Socket had 132 pins and was used in original Intel 286 Processors.

First LGA Socket was called LGA775

Memory

Memory is a storage device to store data permanently or temporarily.

Type of memory-

There are two types of memory acc to process.

1.     Primary Memory – A primary storage device is quite smaller in size and it’s designed to capture or hold data for a temporary period

2.     Secondary Memory – A secondary storage device has a larger storage capacity and can store data permanently

Primary Memory

There are two types

1.     Rom - Read Only Memory - Non Volatile Memory (it’s a technology to use a power for storage data)

- permanent storage memory

                              ·       PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)

                              ·       EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

                              ·              EEPROM-BIOS CHIP ,UEFI (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

2.     Ram – RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY - Volatile Memory, Temporary Memory, Physical Memory

There are two types of ram-

1.     SRAM (cache memory)

2.     DRAM (physical memory)

SRAM	DRAM
Static Random Access Memory	Dynamic Random Access Memory
Fast read and write memory	Slow read and write memory
Maximum storage smart cache (12mb)	Maximum storage ram (16gb)
High voltage consume	low voltage consume
High cost per bit	Low cost per bit
Per cell 6 transistor and 1 capacitor	Per cell 1 transistor and 1 capacitor
Built in cpu	Install in motherboard
It also known as cache memory	Known as physical memory

DRAM-

There are many types of DRAM.

●      DDR-1 (DOUBLE DATA RATE)

●      DDR-2

●      DDR-3

●      DDR-4

●      DDR-5

DRAM	VOLTAGE	NO OF PIN	PACKAGING	CHANNEL	FREQUENCY
DDR-1	2.5 V	184 PIN	DIMM	DUAL CHA	266,333,400 MHZ
DDR-2	1.8 V	240 PIN	DIMM	DUAL CHA	533 ,666,800 MHZ
DDR-3	1.5 V	240 PIN	DIMM	DUAL CHA	1066 MHZ TO 1866 MHZ
DDR-4	1.2 V	284 OR 288	DIMM	DUAL CHA	1600 MHZ TO 3200MHZ
DDR-5	1.0 V	288 PIN	DIMM	DUAL CHA	3200 MHZ TO 6400 MHZ

Google & Me :- (Not so imp. i guess)

DDR Type	Voltage	Number of Pins (DIMM)	Frequency Range (MHz)
DDR1	2.5V	184	100-200
DDR2	1.8V	240	400, 533, 666, 800
DDR3	1.5V	240	800-1866
DDR4	1.2V	288	1600-3200
DDR5	1.1V	288	3200-6400

PHYSICAL MEMORY:-

It is a type of memory that is installed in Computer. Example - RAM FLASH MEMORY:-

●      Nonvolatile memory ● Permanently storage memory

●      High speed read and write memory.

●      Used to transfer data from one device to another device.

Cache Memory:-

●      It has high speed read and write memory.

●      It’s a volatile memory to store data temporarily.

●      Built in microprocessor. ● It’s also called SRAM.

Working of DRAM:-

●      Interface between peripheral devices and microprocessors. Note- peripheral device is an input and output device.

●      Find OS and install it in your system when you start your system.

●      Reboot and restart.

●      Display

●      Performance

HDD(Hard Disk Drive)

HDD is a secondary, non volatile storage device where we store our data and OS permanently.

It used magnetic technology to store data.

(NOTE - HDD pptx is detailed with pictures so refer to that also :0)

Factors of HDD:Storage - Max 4-16TB

RAM - 5200, 6400, 7200 RPM

Cost & Brand - WD, Intel, HP, Gigabyte etc.

Interface - IDE, SATA & USB

Pool Partition = Make many HDD as One Virtually HDD uses magnetic technology.

Storage Technology:-

Optical - CD(Compact Disk)    700MB

               DVD(Digital Video Player)       4.74GB

               BD(Blue Ray Disk)       1 layer=25Gb, 2 layer = 50Gb

1 Byte(B) = 8 bits (b)

Types Of HDD:-

1.     IDE/Pata HDD

2.     SATA HDD

3.     SCSI HDD (Small Computer System Interface)

4.     Surveillance HDD

5.     Wireless HDD

6.     SDD (Solid State Drive)

PATA HDD	SATA HDD
Old Technology	Latest Technology
Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment	Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
Data transfer parallel format	Data transfer serial format
Slow data transfer - 150 mbps	Fast data transfer- 600 mbps
Data cable 40/80 pins – IDE PATA DATA cable	Data cable 7 Pins - SATA DATA cable
Power cable 4 pins—Molex power connector	Power cable 15 pins—SATA power connector
It uses jumper settings (master and slave)	It not uses jumper setting bcz it has large storage
Minimum storage (120 ,180 ,320 ,380,500 GB)	Maximum storage (500 ,1TB ,2TB ,4 TB ,16TB)
Low cost	High cost
There are two types:1- ATAPI-6 - 100 MBps 2- ATAPI-7 - 150 MBps	There are three types:- 1-  SATA 1.5-150 MBps 2-  SATA 3.0-300 MBps 3-  SATA 6.0- 600 MBps

SSD (Solid State Drive):-

●      It is a storage device & has fast read/write speed ● Consumes Low Power & has no rotating parts.

●      It is Light Weight & Small in size

●      It is Costly compared to HDD

●      Low Storage available

●      Max 16GBps Speed

There are two types:

➔   Internal SSD - SATA

➔   External SSD - USB

SCSI HDD (Small Computer System Interface):-

●      Transfer using 8bit or 16bit at a time with the speed upto 340MBps

●      Can Connect 16 devices on a single SCSI

●      It requires jumper for master & slave to set priority

●      Max length 25m

●      Used in Server PC’s

Wireless HDD:-

●      No wires required & also known as WiFi Hard Disk

●      External power adapter required

●      Uses 802.11g standard for communication

Components Of HDD:-

PCB

Platter

Spindle motor

Air filter

Head actuator

Head - Reads & Wrights Data

Difference b/w SATA & SSD

SATA HDD	SSD
Serial advanced technology attachment	Solid state drive
Slow data read and write	Fast data read and write
Low cost	High cost
High voltage consume	Low voltage consume
Maximum storage 16TB	Maximum storage 2 TB
Large size	Small size
Weighted	Light weight
It has rotating component	No rotating component

Connectors or Cable of HDD-

IDE /PATA HDD-

●      CABLE- USE PATA HDD –DATA- PINS - 40/80

●      POWER CABLE—MOLEX CONNECTOR - 4 PIN

SATA HDD CABLE-

●      USE TO SATA HDD-DATA—PINS -7

● POWER CABLE -15 PIN CONNECTOR

USB DATA CABLE - USE TO SATA AND SSD EXTERNAL HDD-DATA-PINS-4

SCSI CABLE - USE TO CONNECT SCSI HDD-25 METER CABLE.

SMPS (Power Supply)

It is a circuit or a device that convert high AC voltage to low DC voltage and it provides power to electronic components of a computer like motherboard, hard disk, microprocessor etc.

Bad For PC:-

●      Eclectic Fluctuation

●      Dust

●      Moisture

Types Of SMPS:-

●      Unregulated Power Supply

●      Regulated Power Supply

Unregulated Power Supply:-

●      Unregulated Power Supply does not provide steady voltage because it does not contain any regulator circuit.

●      Unregulated Power Supply is a combination of three circuits.

Transformer - It is a device which can Step Up (if input is 200 output will we more) or Step Down (if input is 200 output will we less) voltage

Rectifier - It is an electronic device that converts an alternating current into a direct current.

Filter - A circuit that passes certain frequencies and rejects other frequencies

Resistor - An electrical component that limits or regulates flow of electrical current in electronic circuits.

Regulated Power Supply:-

Regulate Power Supply Maintains output voltage at a constant Level.

Regulated Power Supply has the same components except the resistor, instead of resistor Regulator is used.

Regulator - A circuit that creates and maintains a fixed output voltage, irrespective of changes to the input voltage or load conditions.

Factors Of SMPS:-

1.     Size - Different Shape & Size

2.     Connector - More connectors are better

3.     Wattage - Desktop 220-400W & Server 400-600W

Step Up Transformer = Low To High - 200 to 250

Step Down Transformer = High To Low - 200 to 100

Connect Green & Black wire, if fan is moving SMPSis working.

Check output voltage using Digital Multimeter.

Output Voltage of SMPS:-

●      +12v    YELLOW           Motors for Drive to Cool Fans

●      +5v      RED     HDD, ODD, Other Drives

●      +3.3v   ORANGE          Processor, DIMM, PCI/AGP Card

●      +0v      BLACK  Common Circuit, Earthing

●      -5v BLUE Serial Ports (Old) ● -12v WHITE Floopy (Old)

Power Supply Control Signals:-

●      PG (Power Good) Signal (Gray)

●      PS_ON (Green)

●      +5V Stand By Mode (Violet)

Connectors Of SMPS:-

1.     ATX Power Connector - 20 Pins

2.     ATX 24 pin SMPS Connectors

3.     CPU 4 + 4 Pin Connector

4.     Peripheral 4 Pin Molex Connector

5.     SATA Power Connector - 15 Pins

6.     PCI-E Power Connector - 6/8 Pin

7.     CPU Fan Connector - 4 Pin

Motherboard

Motherboard - PCB(Printed Circuit Board) is where all components are to each other directly or indirectly using ports, slots, connectors and sockets.

Types Of Motherboard:-

1.     Non Integrated Motherboard

a.     Old type & large in size

b.     Consumes more power & has only slots for connecting peripherals.

c.      Desktop & Server Motherboard

2.     Integrated Motherboard

a.     It has all ports & connectors available to connect various devices.

b.     Latest Technology.

c.      Desktop, Laptop & Server Motherboard

Desktop motherboard:-

●      Desktop motherboards are used in Personal computers. It is also used for Home and Offices applications.

●      It has limited ports, slots, sockets and connectors.

●      Low cost compared to some other type of motherboard.

●      It’s also called ATX motherboard. ● Simple format of motherboard.

Laptop motherboard:-

●      Laptop motherboards are Advanced as compared to the Desktop Motherboard. ● Difficult Design compared to desktop motherboards. ● Devices are connect directly like hdd, odd, cpu etc ● Costly compared to a desktop motherboard.

●      Used for simple application & software

Server motherboard:-

●      Big in Size & Advanced motherboard

●      High end & runs 24/7

●      More ports, slots, connectors & has 2 or more microprocessor sockets

●      More Ram can be used

●      Very Costly compared to the above two.

Components of motherboard:-

●      Microprocessor sockets.

●      Slots.

●      Ports.

●      Connectors.

●      IC’s.

Microprocessor sockets:-

Use to connect cpu in motherboard

Slots:-

●      Used to install cards in motherboards — memory card ,pci card ,expansion card.

●      Memory Slots — Used to install RAM in MB.

●      PCI Slots — Used to install peripheral card (input output card) - lan card, vga card, usb card ● PCI-E Slots-use to install high definition cards — graphics card, gaming cards, sound cards.

Ports :-

Used to connect peripheral devices (input output devices) and external devices.

Ex - Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer & Scanner etc.

1.               PS/2 port—

●      Used to connect ps/2 keyboard and mouse.

●      6 pin connector

2.               Serial ports-

●      Used to connect serial devices.

●      Ex-Modem

●      It’s also called COM ports. ● 9 pin connector.

3.               Parallel ports- LPT(LINE PRINT TERMINAL PORTS)-

●      Used to connect printers (dmp). ● 25 pin connector.

4.               VGA ports;-

●      Video graphics array.

●      Use to connect display devices-monitor ,projector etc ● 15 pin connector.

5.               HDMI port-

●      High definition multimedia interface. ● It's a multifunction cable .(audio and video) ● Used to connect display devices. ● 19 pin connector.

6.               DVI PORT-

Digital Video Interface.

●      Use to connect display devices –monitor and projector ● 24 pin connector.

7.               Ethernet /LAN/Network/RJ45/NIC port-

●      Used to connect networks and the internet. ● 8 pin connector

8.               USB port-

●      Universal serial bus.

●      Use to connect peripheral devices — keyboard ,mouse printer scanner etc ● 108 devices to connect usb ports.

●      4 pin connector.

●      Version – USB1.0 – 1.5 mbps, USB2.0-480 mbps, USB 3.0-625 mbps ,USB 4.0-16gbps

9.               Sound port-

●      used to connect the sound system on the motherboard.

Connectors :-

There are many types of connector in motherboards.

1.               ATX power connector.

●      Advanced Technology Extended.

●      Use the power supply in the motherboard. ● 20/24 pin connector.

2.               ATX 12v connector-

●      Used to power the VRM(Voltage Regulator Module) sector to provide voltage to cpu. ● 4 pin connector.

3.               IDE/PATA data connector-

●      Used to connect PATA HDD. ● 40/80 pin connector.

4.               SATA DATA connector-

●      Used to connect SATA HDD AND SSD.

7 pin connector.

5.               USB f-connector-

●      Used to connect the front panel usb connector. ● 9 pin connector.

6.               Audio f-panel connector-

●      Used to connect front panel audio. ● 9 pin connector.

7.               Front panel connector-

●      Used to connect switch on, restart, power led, hdd led.

●      9 and 12 pin connector

8.               CPU fan and sys fan connector-

●      Used to connect cpu fans and system fans. ● 3 and 4 pin connector.

IC’s :-

1.               Chipset-

●      Chipset is a combination of Northbridge and Southbridge. ● Northbridge- its communicate b/w CPU and RAM ● Southbridge-its communicate b/w peripheral ,HDD to CPU.

2.               Audio controller ics.

3.               Video controller ics.

4.               LAN controller ics.

5.               Bios chip.

6.               Super I/O CHIP CONTROLLER.

●      It is a chip that controls the Lower Input & Output devices Like : Keyboard, Mouse, Serial etc.

CMOS battery:-

●      CMOS stands for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor.

●      It is a Battery that provides power to CMOS chips.

It is made up of Lithium Ion.

●      It has 3 Volt DC.

●      The life time of this battery is 5 years.

●      To provide power backup cmos chips when the system is off.

Manufacture of motherboard :Intel motherboard— Original motherboard

AMD motherboard — Original motherboard

Asus motherboard — Chipset motherboard

Gigabyte motherboard — Chipset motherboard

IBM motherboard — Chipset motherboard

MSI motherboard — Chipset motherboard

Keyboard

●      Keyboard is a principal input device, which is used to feed information to our computer.

●      It had several keys like—26-a to z, numerical value-0 to 9 and special characters and symbols.

●      It is also called a typewriter.

●      It used ASCII standard. (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

Types Of Keyboard:There are two types :-

1.               According to the number of keys.

●      101 key enhanced keyboard-simple format keyboard, small size keys ,

●      102 key enhanced keyboard.-add language (non English keyboard)

●      104 key enhanced keyboard.-( windows )add two keys-1-windows 2-mouse right click

●      Multimedia keyboard-most function use in directly---windows media player, volume up and down, internet explorer etc.

2.               According to the interface.

●      Wired keyboard-using cable for connection b/w devices.

○      PS/2 keyboard.

○ USB keyboard.

●      Wireless keyboard-without wire connection b/w devices.

○      Bluetooth keyboard. ○ Infrared keyboard.

Difference b/w laptop keyboard and desktop keyboard.

Desktop keyboard	Laptop keyboard
Large size not solid	Small size and solid base
Separate numerical key	No separate numerical key but some new model have separate numerical keys
Best for typing bcz space b/w two keys	Not for typing bcz no space b/w two keys
Low cost	High cost
Repair	No repair only change
No require model no for buy new keyboard	Required model no buy new keyboard
Easy to install and manage	Difficult to install and manage

Keyboard Problem:-

●      Wrong character type.

●      Not working.

●      Stuck key.

●      Continue to write characters.

●      No display.

Mouse

●      Mouse is a principal input device, which is used to instruct our object.

●      It is also called a pointing device.

●      It has three buttons, one is right, two is left and three is a scroller.

Types of mouse:There are two types:-

1.               Based on Mechanism.

●      Mechanical mouse.

●      Optical mouse.

●      Laser mouse. ● LED mouse.

2.               Based on Interface.

●      Wired.

○      PS/2 mouse.

○ USB mouse.

●      Wireless.

○      Bluetooth mouse.

○ Infrared mouse.

Monitor

A computer monitor is an output principal device that displays information in picture or text form. It also called display devices.

Characteristics of monitor:-

        1.   Resolution:-

Monitor resolution describes the visual dimensions of any given display. Expressed in terms of width and height, monitor resolution consists of a specific number of pixels. In the case of a monitor with an industry-standard Full HD 1080p resolution, this display has a resolution of 1920 x 1080.

        2.   Size:-

Smartphone size- 6 inch

Tablet size-12 inch

Laptop size-11 to 17.3 inch

Desktop size-13 to 30 inch

        3.   Contrast ratio:-

The contrast ratio is the ratio between the luminance of the brightest white and the darkest black that a monitor can produce. Higher contrast ratios typically mean deeper blacks, which makes a big difference in overall picture quality. Ex-5000:1, 10000:1, 15000:1, 20000:1

        4.   Interface:-

Types of monitor:-

There are different types of monitor.

1.         CRT( cathode ray tube):-

A cathode-ray tube is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, which emit electron beams that are manipulated to display images on a phosphorescent screen. The images may represent electrical waveforms, pictures, radar targets, or other phenomena. A CRT on a television set is commonly called a picture tube

2.         TFT(thin film transistor):-

A thin-film transistor is a special type of field-effect transistor where the transistor is thin relative to the plane of the device. TFTs are grown on a supporting substrate. A common substrate is glass, because the traditional application of TFTs is in liquid-crystal displays.

3.         LCD (liquid crystal display):-

A liquid-crystal display is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome

4.         LED (light emitting diode):-

A LED display is a flat panel display that uses an array of light-emitting diodes as pixels for a video display. Their brightness allows them to be used outdoors where they are visible in the sun for store signs and billboards

5.         OLED (organic LED):-

OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) is a new display technology that is brighter, more efficient, thinner and feature better refresh rates and contrast than an LCD display. OLEDs deliver the best picture quality ever and are used in high-end smartphones and tablets.

6.         Plasma:-

A plasma display panel is a type of flat panel display that uses small cells containing plasma: ionized gas that responds to electric fields. Plasma televisions were the first large flat panel displays to be released to the public. Until about 2007, plasma displays were commonly used in large televisions.

Settings of monitor:-

●      Volume setting

●      Contrast ratio

●      Brightness

●      Language

●      Corner correction ● Vertical position setting ● Horizontal position settings.

●      Post

●      Default setting

Monitor Connector:-

1.     VGA (VIDEO GRAPHICS ARRAY)

2.     DVI (DIGITAL VIDEO INTERFACE)

3.     HDMI(HIGH DEFINITION MULTIMEDIA INTERFACE)

Computer monitor problems:-

Some symptoms that indicate an LCD display or video issue include:

●      A blank or black screen.

●      Colour fades.

●      Fuzzy, blurry, distorted, or stretched image.

●      Geometric distortion.

●      Light leakage or light bleeding.

●      Flickering.

●      Horizontal or vertical lines. ● Light or dark patches

Printer

Printer is an external output device which is used to convert digital data into hard copy.

It is also called a printing device to print text pictures on media (paper).

Features of printer:-

There are many features of printers.

●      Resolution (pixel) ● Colour. ● Speed.

●      Cost

Types of printer:-

There are two types of printer-

●      Impact printer.

○      Physical connection b/w print head and media.

○ Ex-dot matrix printer, line printer and character printer.

●      Non-impact printer.

○      Don’t physically connect b/w print head and media. ○ Ex-laser printer, inkjet printer, thermal printer.

Types of impact printer:-

There are two types

1.               Character printer.( Printer that stores individual characters when needed to print. A character printer prints one character at a time instead of one line at a time.)

●      Dot matrix printer.

2.               Line printer. (A line printer is an impact printer which makes use of a continuous feed of paper and prints one line of text at a time.)

Dot matrix printer:-

●      It is an impact printer.

●      It prints dot format on media.

●      It creates more noise.

●      It uses a ribbon cartridge.

●      Slow printing device.

●      It has 9 to 24 pins.

●      Its printer prints 100 to 600 cps.

●      More expensive.

●      It can print only black and white.

Line printer:-

A line printer is an impact printer which makes use of a continuous feed of paper and prints one line of text at a time.

Laser printer:-

●      It is a non-impact printer.

●      It uses laser technology to print on media.

●      Fast printing device.

●      No noises.

●      Low cost printing.

●      Use a toner cartridge for printing.

●      More power consumption when printing. ● It uses powder to print.

Working of laser printer:-

A laser printer works like a photocopy machine. Laser printers produce images on paper by directing a laser beam at a mirror which bounces the beam onto a drum. The drum has a special coating on it to which toner (an ink powder) sticks. Using patterns of small dots, a laser beam conveys information from the computer to a positively charged drum to become neutralised. From all those areas of the drum which become neutralised, the toner detaches. As the paper rolls by the drum, the toner is transferred to the paper printing the letters or other graphics on the paper. A hot roller bonds the toner to the paper.

Ink jet printer:-

Ink-jet printers work in the same fashion as dot-matrix printers in the form of images or characters with little dots. However, the dots are formed by tiny droplets of ink. Ink-jet printers form characters on paper by spraying ink from tiny nozzles through an electrical field that arranges the charged ink particles into characters at the rate of approximately 250 characters per second. The ink is absorbed into the paper and dries instantly. Various colours of ink can also be used (Shyann, magenta, yellow) .

Working of ink-jet printer:-

One or more nozzles in the print head emit a steady stream of ink drops. Droplets of ink are electrically charged after leaving the nozzle. The droplets are then guided to the paper by electrically charged deflecting plates [one plate has positive charge (upper plate) and the other has negative charge (lover plate)]

All in one printer:- (multifunction printer)

●      This is a combination of various functionalities like printer, scanner, photocopier, fax, etc.

●      It is suitable for SOHO Small Business Segment

Thermal Printer:-

A thermal printer is one that uses heat to transfer an impression onto paper.

●      Thermal Wax Transfer - Where a thermal print head melts wax-based ink from the transfer ribbon onto the paper. After cooling, the wax is permanent.

●      Direct Thermal - A printer prints the image by burning dots onto a coated paper when the paper passes over a line of heating elements. Early fax machines used direct thermal printing.

Virtual Printer:-

It is a simulated device whose user interface is similar to a printer, but this device is not connected with a physical printer.

It is mainly used to save or convert documents.

Example:- Microsoft XPS Document Writer, Cute PDF writer, Nova PDF, Print&Share

There are two types of connection b/w printer and computer.

●      Wired.

○      Parallel cable(lpt).

○ USB cable.

○ Network.

●      Wireless.

○      Bluetooth.

○ Wifi.

Scanner

●      Scanner is an input device to scan documents.

●      It converts hard copies into digital copies. ● It is also called a photocopy machine.

Types Of Scanner:-

There are several types of scanner in the market and we pick scanners depending on our needs.

●      Standard Scanner

○      Flatbed Scanner

○ Sheet-Fed Scanner

●      Specialized Scanner - For special scanning needs, several types of specialized scanners are available.

○      Business Card Scanner

○ Photo Scanner

○ Transparency Scanner

○ Drum Scanner

●      Handheld Scanner - They are small, bar-shaped scanners taht are passed over documents to scan them.

●      Scanning App - Several Apps are available that enable you to scan documents using the camera of a smartphone. Example - Google Drive, Cam Scanner, Genius Scanner etc.

Portable PC

●       A portable computer is a computer that can be easily moved from one place to another.

●       It is Small in size and light in weight.

●       Include all the components of desktop personal computer.

●       All devices connect directly to the motherboard.

●       Have rechargeable batteries instead of power supply so can be used anywhere.

●       Portable PC’s are mostly used by marketing professionals or those who travel very frequently.

●       Now a day these are also used in various fields such as:○ Education

○ Science & Research ○ Business & Technology, etc.

Types Of Portable PC’s

1.      Laptops - A laptop is a portable computer that can perform all task that a desktop computer can. A laptop has attached Display, Keyboard, & Touch Pad

2.      Notebooks - Notebook is small & light weight pc. They can fit into briefcase and can be carried anywhere.

3.      Subnotebook - It has small keyboard and screen compared to notebook.

4.      Netbook - A netbook similar to subnotebook is a type of laptop used for general computing & accessing of web based application. Size of screen 5-10 inches diagonally.

5.      Tablet PC - It uses stylus instead of keyboard and mouse.

6.      Smartphone - It’s an advanced mobile phone that combines features of personal computer. It integrates touchscreen display features of tablet and making it easy to use.

Component Of Laptop:-

●       Display Screen

●       Keyboard

●       Base Panel

●       Top Panel

●       Cooling Fan

●       RAM

●       Hard Disk

●       Palm Rest

●       Battery

●       Hinges

●       Speaker

●       ODD(Optical Disk Drive)

●       Motherboard

●       Touchpad

●       Webcam

Manufacturer of Laptop:-

●       Apple

●       Dell

●       Lenovo

●       HP

●       Asus

Webcame

●      A webcam is a video camera that streams images to a computer or another device.

●      A webcame may be integrated with a laptop or desktop using USB Cable.

●      Video camera that transmit images via Ethernet or WiFi are usually categorized as network or IP camera rather than webcam

Application of Webcam:-

●      Video Calling & Conferencing

●      Video Surveillance & monitoring of childcare centres, buildings, homes, offices, banks etc.

●      Recording of traffic vehicles movement on roads and in parking areas.

●      Input device for assisting user control in some applications and games.

Computer Components, Safety & Precautions

Parts Of Computer:-

●      Microprocessor/CPU ● Memory/RAM.

●      HDD/SSD

●      Motherboard/PCB

●      Thermal Compound

●      Heatsink Fan/CPU cooling fan

●      System Fan

●      ODD(optional)

●      SMPS/power supply

●      Expansion card(optional)-graphics card, gaming card etc.

●      Cabinet/System Case.

●      UPS

●      Keyboard

●      Mouse

●      Monitor

Assembling computer: -

Assembling is a process to connect all component.

Dissembling computer: -

It is a process to remove all component.

Tools Required For Assembling & Dissembling PC:-

●      Screwdriver

●      Needle-Nose Pliers

●      Cable Ties

●      Anti Static Wrist Strap

●      Pocket Knife

●      Small Flashlitht

●      Line free cloth

Safty Precaution & Tips for Assembling & Dissembling of PC:-

1.     Fully Shut down and unplug the computer before attempting to dismantle it.

2.     Take off any metal object on your arms or fingers such as bracelets, rings or watches.

3.     Make sure your hands are completely dry to avoid damaging any mechanical parts as well as to avoid electric shock

4.     An anti-static wrist band is used to safely ground a person working on electronics equipment such as computers, to prevent buildup of static electricity in the body.

5.     Prepare a place to keep any screws that you may remove. A container or piece of paper with labels for each part(casing, motherboard, CD drive, etc.) is ideal to avoid confusion between the similar looking screws.

6.     Handle all parts with care. Place each piece you remove carefully down onto a stable surface.

7.     When removing any cables, wires or ribbons, make sure to grasp the wire at the base or head to keep it form breaking.

8.     Be careful not to drop any small part into unreachable areas such as into cpu fan or disk drive.

9.     Take note of these three of thte most damaging things to a computer.

a.     Moisture

b.     Shock

c.      Dust

BIOS/UEFI/Firmware

●      BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program of computer's where microprocessor is used to start the computer system after it is powered on.

●      It also manages data flow between the computer's operating system (OS) and attached devices, such as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer etc.

●      It is a set of program to store in a chip built on motherboard which is use to interface b/w OS and hardware devices.

●      It controls and manages hardware devices. ● It is also called motherboard program.

Function of BIOS:-

There are four main function of BIOS:-

1.     POST (power on self-test) -     Check all devices to function properly or not.

2.     Bootstrap loader - Find OS after then load OS with ram in motherboard.

3.     Bios setup utility program-     To load previous setting and program which store in NVRAM.

4.     BIOS driver-     To load basic driver in motherboard - keyboard, mouse, hdd, MP ,etc.

Working of BIOS:-

●      Enforcing security.

●      Date and time.

●      Hardware monitor.

●      Hardware troubleshooting.

●      Hardware testing.

●      Boot order setting.

About Firmware:-

●      It is a set of programs which help to interface b/w devices and operating systems.

●      It uses a ROM chip to store firmware programs and a set of instructions.

●      It’s another form of BIOS.

About UEFI:-

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is a specification for a software program that connects a computer's firmware to its operating system (OS). UEFI is expected to eventually replace (BIOS) but is compatible with it. It is a standard BIOS.

Why we upgrade bios:-

●      Slow performance.

●      Do not support new devices.

●      Do not install a new operating system.

Requirement of upgrading BIOS:-

●      Internet connection.

●      Blank usb pendrive.

●      Computer system.

●      Power backup.

●      Know the bios version.

●      Processor type.

●      Product serial no.

DUAL BIOS:-

Dual BIOS™ feature two physical BIOS ROMS mounted onto the motherboard. One chip acts as your "Main" BIOS, or the BIOS your system primarily uses during boot up. The second chip acts as a "Backup" BIOS and has the factory default BIOS version on it.

Benefit of dual BIOS:-

A Dual BIOS is any computer motherboard containing a main BIOS and a backup BIOS. This type of setup helps a motherboard recover from any problems encountered during a BIOS update. It also helps protect the BIOS from any potential virus, or any other data corruption that might occur.

Most common regions need dual BIOS technology.

●      Virus attacks.

●      BIOS update failures.

●      Incorrect BIOS version upgrade.

●      Updating the peripheral.

●      Power failure during upgradation.

How to access BIOS?

In order to access BIOS on a Windows PC, you must press your BIOS key set by your manufacturer which could be F10, F2, F12, F1, F11, Esc or DEL.

BIOS	UEFI
Windows Blue Screen	User-friendly graphical user interface
No Animation	Multi coloured with Animations
Can’t recognize Ethernet, Wifi & Bluetooth	Supports Ethernet, Wifi, & Bluetooth
No remote diagnosis & repair support	Supports remote diagnosis & repair if the OS wont work

 

No mouse support in GUI mode	Mouse support in GUI mode available
No secure boot feature	Secure boot feature available
Uses 16-bit code for CPU initialization	Uses 32-bit or 64-bit code for CPU initialization
Limited to 2.2 TB hard drive size	Supports hard drive sizes up to 9.4 zettabytes
Supports MBR partitioning scheme only	Supports GPT partitioning scheme
Slow boot time	Faster boot time

 

Full Forms

KB- Kilobyte (smallest storage unit)

MB- MegaByte

GB- GigaByte

TB- TeraByte

PB- PentaByte

EB- EXAByte

ZB- ZetaByte

OS- Operating System

BIOS- Basic Input Output System

CPU– Central Processing Unit

UPS- Uninterrupted Power Supply

CD- Compact Disk

HDD- Hard Disk Drive

SSD- Solid State Drive

SATA - Serial Advanced Technological Attachment

IDE- Integrated Drive Electronics

LCD – Liquid Crystal Display

LED- Light Emitting Diode

RAM– Random Access Memory

ROM- Read-only Memory

SMPS- Switch Mode Power Supply

CMOS- Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor

USB- Universal Serial Bus

HDMI- High Definition Multimedia Interface

VGA- Video Graphics Array

DVD- Digital Video Disk

DNS- Domain Name System

IP- Internet Protocol

ISP- Internet Service Provider

VPN- Virtual Private Network

WWW- World Wide Web

URL- Uniform Resource Locator

WIFI- Wireless Fidelity

WAN- Wide Area Network

LAN- Local Area Network

MAN- Metropolitan Area Network

HD- High Definition

FHD - Full High Definition

UHD- Ultra High Definition

PDF- Portable Document Format

NTFS- New Technology File System

FAT32 - File Allocation Table 32

COMPUTER - Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technological & Educational Research

New Full Forms:-

EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

SRAM - Static Random Access Memory

DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory

DIMM - Dual In-Line Memory Module

SODIMM - Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module

SIMM - Single In-Line Memory Module

RIMM - Rambus inline memory module

DDR - Double Data Rate

DVI - Digital Visual Interface

IRQ - Interrupt Request Query

QPI - QuickPath Interconnect

FSB - Front-Side Bus

PCI-e - Peripheral Component Interconnect Express

UEFI - Unified Extensible Firmware Interface

BIOS - Basic Input Output System

CMOS - Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor

SATA - Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

PATA - Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment

IDE - Integrated Development Environment/Electronics

VRM - Voltage Regulator Module

MCH - Memory Controller Hub

IOH - Input/Output Hub

LGA - Land Grid Array

PGA - Pin Grid Array

LIF - Low Insertion Force

ZIF - Zero Insertion Force

Interview Q&A

Computer hardware interview question:-

1.      What is a computer and how many types of computer?

Ans - A computer is a machine or electronic device that performs processes, calculations and operations based on instructions provided by a user or software/hardware program. There are mainly three types of computers. 1. Analog Computer, 2. Digital Computer, 3. Hybrid Computer

2.      Explain INPUT, OUTPUT, PROCESS AND STORAGE?

Ans - Input refers to the process of entering data into a computer. Output refers to the process of displaying or printing data that has been processed by the computer. Processing refers to the manipulation of data by the computer’s CPU. Storage refers to the process of saving data for future use.

3.      Write down computer components.

Ans - They are divided into two types.

Internal component		External component
2.    Microprocessor/CPU/main brain/IC.	3.	Monitor
4.    Memory /ram /rom	2.	keyboard
10. Motherboard /PCB	3.	mouse /pointing device
11. HDD/PATA/SATA/SSD	4.	speaker
12. ODD (optional)	5.	ups
13. SMPS /Power Supply	6.	printer
14. HeatSink Fan/CPU Fan	7.	scanner
15. System Fan
16. Expansion (LAN card, sound card, Graphics card ,Gaming card, Pci card) optional
17. Thermal Compound
18. Cabinet⁶

4.      What is a microprocessor and how many types of microprocessor?

Ans - Microprocessor is a multipurpose programmable and logical device that reads binary instructions from memory and provides output in an effective manner. There are three types of microprocessors. 1) Based on Architecture, 2) Based On Packaging, 3) Based On Performance & Generation.

5.      What is a microprocessor socket and how many types of sockets?

Ans - It is a connector on the motherboard that connects the microprocessor with the motherboard and its parts.

There are mainly two types of sockets LGA & PGA

6.      What is HDD and how many types of hdd?

Ans - HDD is a secondary, non volatile storage device where we store our data and OS permanently. It used magnetic technology to store data. There are many types of HDD:- IDE/PATA HDD, SATA HDD, SCSO HDD, Surveillance HDD, Wireless HDD, SSD.

7.      What is the difference b/w PATA hdd and SATA HDD?

Ans -

PATA HDD	SATA HDD
Old Technology	Latest Technology
Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment	Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
Data transfer parallel format	Data transfer serial format
Slow data transfer - 150 mbps	Fast data transfer- 600 mbps
Data cable 40/80 pins – IDE PATA DATA cable	Data cable 7 Pins - SATA DATA cable
Power cable 4 pins—Molex power connector	Power cable 15 pins—SATA power connector
It uses jumper settings (master and slave)	It not uses jumper setting bcz it has large storage
Minimum storage (120 ,180 ,320 ,380,500 GB)	Maximum storage (500 ,1TB ,2TB ,4 TB ,16TB)
Low cost	High cost
There are two types:1- ATAPI-6 - 100 MBps 2- ATAPI-7 - 150 MBps	There are three types:- 1-  SATA 1.5-150 MBps 2-  SATA 3.0-300 MBps 3-  SATA 6.0- 600 MBps

1.      What is the difference b/w SATA HDD AND SSD HDD?

Ans -

SATA HDD	SSD
Serial advanced technology attachment	Solid state drive
Slow data read and write	Fast data read and write
Low cost	High cost
High voltage consume	Low voltage consume
Maximum storage 16TB	Maximum storage 2 TB
Large size	Small size
Weighted	Light weight
It has rotating component	No rotating component

1.      What is a motherboard and how many types of motherboard?

Ans - Motherboard - PCB(Printed Circuit Board) is where all components are connected to each other directly or indirectly using ports, slots, connectors and sockets.

Types Of Motherboard:-

●       Non Integrated Motherboard

○       Old type & large in size

○ Consumes more power & has only slots for connecting peripherals.

○ Desktop & Server Motherboard

●       Integrated Motherboard

○       It has all ports & connectors available to connect various devices.

○ Latest Technology.

○ Desktop, Laptop & Server Motherboard

10. Explain desktop, laptop and server motherboard?

Ans - Desktop motherboard:-

●       Desktop motherboards are used in Personal computers. It is also used for Home and Offices applications.

●       It has limited ports, slots, sockets and connectors.

●       Low cost compared to some other type of motherboard.

●       It’s also called ATX motherboard. ● Simple format of motherboard.

Laptop motherboard:-

●       Laptop motherboards are Advanced as compared to the Desktop Motherboard. ● Difficult Design compared to desktop motherboards. ● Devices are connect directly like hdd, odd, cpu etc ● Costly compared to a desktop motherboard.

●       Used for simple application & software

Server motherboard:-

●       Big in Size & Advanced motherboard

●       High end & runs 24/7

●       More ports, slots, connectors & has 2 or more microprocessor sockets

●       More Ram can be used

●       Very Costly compared to the above two.

11.   What is the difference b/w the chipset and original motherboard?

Ans - Chipset Motherboard are those in which microprocessor and motherboard are manufactured by different brands. Example - Intel Microprocessor and Gigabyte Motherboard.

Original motherboards are those in which both the microprocessor and motherboard are manufactured by the same brand. Example - Intel Motherboard and Microprocessor.

12.   Explain components of the motherboard?

Ans - Components of motherboard:-

●       Microprocessor sockets.

●       Slots.

●       Ports.

●       Connectors. ● IC’s.

Microprocessor sockets:-

Use to connect cpu in motherboard

Slots:-

●       Used to install cards in motherboards — memory card ,pci card ,expansion card.

●       Memory Slots — Used to install RAM in MB.

●       PCI Slots — Used to install peripheral card (input output card) - lan card, vga card, usb card ● PCI-E Slots-use to install high definition cards — graphics card, gaming cards, sound cards.

Ports :-

Used to connect peripheral devices (input output devices) and external devices.

Ex - Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer & Scanner etc.

1.                PS/2 port—

●       Used to connect ps/2 keyboard and mouse.

●       6 pin connector

2.                Serial ports-

●       Used to connect serial devices.

●       Ex-Modem

●       It’s also called COM ports. ● 9 pin connector.

3.                Parallel ports- LPT(LINE PRINT TERMINAL PORTS)-

●       Used to connect printers (dmp). ● 25 pin connector.

4.                VGA ports;-

●       Video graphics array.

●       Use to connect display devices-monitor ,projector etc ● 15 pin connector.

5.                HDMI port-

●       High definition multimedia interface. ● It's a multifunction cable .(audio and video) ● Used to connect display devices. ● 19 pin connector.

6.                DVI PORT-

●       Digital Video Interface.

●       Use to connect display devices –monitor and projector ● 24 pin connector.

7.                Ethernet /LAN/Network/RJ45/NIC port-

●       Used to connect networks and the internet.

●       8 pin connector

8.                USB port-

●       Universal serial bus.

●       Use to connect peripheral devices — keyboard ,mouse printer scanner etc ● 108 devices to connect usb ports.

●       4 pin connector.

●       Version – USB1.0 – 1.5 mbps, USB2.0-480 mbps, USB 3.0-625 mbps ,USB 4.0-16gbps

9.                Sound port-

●       used to connect the sound system on the motherboard.

Connectors :-

There are many types of connector in motherboards.

1.                ATX power connector.

●       Advanced Technology Extended.

●       Use the power supply in the motherboard. ● 20/24 pin connector.

2.                ATX 12v connector-

●       Used to power the VRM(Voltage Regulator Module) sector to provide voltage to cpu. ● 4 pin connector.

3.                IDE/PATA data connector-

●       Used to connect PATA HDD. ● 40/80 pin connector.

4.                SATA DATA connector-

●       Used to connect SATA HDD AND SSD. ● 7 pin connector.

5.                USB f-connector-

●       Used to connect the front panel usb connector. ● 9 pin connector.

6.                Audio f-panel connector-

●       Used to connect front panel audio. ● 9 pin connector.

7.                Front panel connector-

●       Used to connect switch on, restart, power led, hdd led.

●       9 and 12 pin connector

8.                CPU fan and sys fan connector-

●       Used to connect cpu fans and system fans. ● 3 and 4 pin connector.

IC’s :-

1.                Chipset-

●       Chipset is a combination of Northbridge and Southbridge.

●       Northbridge- its communicate b/w CPU and RAM ● Southbridge-its communicate b/w peripheral ,HDD to CPU.

2.                Audio controller ics.

3.                Video controller ics.

4.                LAN controller ics.

5.                Bios chip.

6.                Super I/O CHIP CONTROLLER.

●       It is a chip that controls the Lower Input & Output devices Like : Keyboard, Mouse, Serial etc.

13. What is memory and how many types of memory?

Ans - Memory is a storage device to store data permanently or temporarily.

Type of memory:-

●       Primary Memory – A primary storage device is quite smaller in size and it’s designed to capture or hold data for a temporary period. They are further divided into two types:-

                       a.     RAM (Physical Memory)

i.            SRAM

ii.          DRAM

                       b.    ROM

i.             PROM

ii.            EPROM

iii.          EEPROM

●       Secondary Memory – A secondary storage device has a larger storage capacity and can store data permanently

14.   What is volatile and non-volatile memory?

Ans - Volatile memory is temporary memory that stores data only as long as the computer is turned on. Non-volatile memory is permanent memory that stores data even when the computer is turned off.

15.   What is the difference b/w SRAM and DRAM?

Ans -

SRAM	DRAM
Static Random Access Memory	Dynamic Random Access Memory
Fast read and write memory	Slow read and write memory
Maximum storage smart cache (12mb)	Maximum storage ram (16gb)
High voltage consume	low voltage consume
High cost per bit	Low cost per bit
Per cell 6 transistor and 1 capacitor	Per cell 1 transistor and 1 capacitor
Built in cpu	Install in motherboard
It also known as cache memory	Known as physical memory

14.   Define flash, cache and physical memory?

Ans - PHYSICAL MEMORY:-

It is a type of memory that is installed in Computer. It refers to the actual RAM installed on the computer. Example -

RAM

FLASH MEMORY:-

●       Nonvolatile memory

●       Permanently storage memory

●       High speed read and write memory.

●       Used to transfer data from one device to another device.

Cache Memory:-

●       It has very high speed read and write memory.

●       It’s a volatile memory and stores data temporarily.

●       Built in microprocessor. ● It’s also called SRAM.

17.   Explain DDR1, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, and DDR5?

Ans -

DRAM	VOLTAGE	NO OF PIN	PACKAGING	CHANNEL	FREQUENCY
DDR-1	2.5 V	184 PIN	DIMM	DUAL CHA	266,333,400 MHZ
DDR-2	1.8 V	240 PIN	DIMM	DUAL CHA	533 ,666,800 MHZ
DDR-3	1.5 V	240 PIN	DIMM	DUAL CHA	1066 MHZ TO 1866 MHZ
DDR-4	1.2 V	284 OR 288	DIMM	DUAL CHA	1600 MHZ TO 3200MHZ
DDR-5	1.0 V	288 PIN	DIMM	DUAL CHA	3200 MHZ TO 6400 MHZ

18.   What is ODD?

Ans - ODD Stands for Optical Disk Drive. It is a piece of computer hardware that is used to read and write data on optical disks like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.

19.   What is SMPS and how many types of SMPS?

Ans - It is a circuit or a device that converts high AC voltage to low DC voltage and it provides power to electronic components of a computer like motherboard, hard disk, microprocessor etc.

Types Of SMPS:-

●       Unregulated Power Supply

●       Regulated Power Supply 20. Explain connectors of SMPS?

Ans - Connectors Of SMPS:-

1.      ATX Power Connector - 20 Pins

2.      ATX 24 pin SMPS Connectors

3.      CPU 4 + 4 Pin Connector

4.      Peripheral 4 Pin Molex Connector

5.      SATA Power Connector - 15 Pins

6.      PCI-E Power Connector - 6/8 Pin

7.      CPU Fan Connector - 4 Pin

21.   What is UPS?

Ans - UPS is an electrical device that provides power to a computer when the mains power fails. It provides an almost instantaneous supply of electricity during any power failure.

22.   What is a keyboard and how many types of keyboard?

Ans - Keyboard is a principal input device, which is used to feed information to our computer. It had several keys like—26-a to z, numerical value-0 to 9 and special characters and symbols.

There are two types :-

1.                According to the number of keys.

●       101 key enhanced keyboard-(English Keyboard)

●       102 key enhanced keyboard- Add language (Non English keyboard)

●       104 key enhanced keyboard-(Windows)Add two keys-1-windows 2-mouse right click

●       Multimedia keyboard-most function used in directly — windows media player, volume up and down, internet explorer etc.

2.                According to the interface.

●       Wired keyboard-using cable for connection b/w devices.

○       PS/2 keyboard.

○ USB keyboard.

●       Wireless keyboard-without wire connection b/w devices.

○       Bluetooth keyboard. ○ Infrared keyboard.

23. What is mouse and how many types of mouse?

Ans - Mouse is a principal input device, which is used to instruct our object. There are two types:-

1.                Based on Mechanism.

●       Mechanical mouse.

●       Optical mouse.

●       Laser mouse. ● LED mouse.

2.                Based on Interface.

●       Wired.

○       PS/2 mouse.

○ USB mouse.

●       Wireless.

○       Bluetooth mouse. ○ Infrared mouse.

24.   What is a monitor and how many types of monitor?

Ans - A computer monitor is an output principal device that displays information in picture or text form. It is also called display devices. Types of Monitor:CRT( cathode ray tube)

TFT(thin film transistor)

LCD (liquid crystal display)

LED (light emitting diode)

OLED (organic LED)

Plasma

25.   What is BIOS and explain function of BIOS/UEFI

Ans - BIOS(basic input/output system) is the program of computer's where a microprocessor is used to start the computer system after it is powered on.

26.   Explain working of BIOS?

Ans - BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System. It is a program that is stored on a small memory chip on the motherboard of your computer. BIOS is responsible for performing start-up procedures when the computer is turned on.

It instructs the computer on how to perform basic functions such as booting and keyboard control.

BIOS is also used to identify and configure the hardware in a computer such as the hard drive, optical drive, CPU, memory, and related equipment.

UEFI - (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) is a specification for a software program that connects a computer's firmware to its operating system (OS). UEFI is expected to eventually replace (BIOS) but is compatible with it. It is a standard BIOS.

There are four main function of BIOS:-

5.      POST (power on self-test) -           Check all devices to function properly or not.

6.      Bootstrap loader - Find OS after then load OS with ram in motherboard.

7.      Bios setup utility program-            To load previous settings and programs which store in NVRAM.

8.      BIOS driver-         To load basic drivers on the motherboard - keyboard, mouse, hdd, MP ,etc.

27.   What is the difference b/w BIOS and UEFI?

Ans -

BIOS	UEFI
Windows Blue Screen	User-friendly graphical user interface
No Animation	Multi coloured with Animations
Can’t recognize Ethernet, Wifi & Bluetooth	Supports Ethernet, Wifi, & Bluetooth
No remote diagnosis & repair support	Supports remote diagnosis & repair if the OS wont work
No mouse support in GUI mode	Mouse support in GUI mode available
No secure boot feature	Secure boot feature available
Uses 16-bit code for CPU initialization	Uses 32-bit or 64-bit code for CPU initialization
Limited to 2.2 TB hard drive size	Supports hard drive sizes up to 9.4 zettabytes
Supports MBR partitioning scheme only	Supports GPT partitioning scheme
Slow boot time	Faster boot time

27.   What is firmware?

Ans - It is a set of programs which help to interface b/w devices and operating systems. It uses a ROM chip to store firmware programs and a set of instructions. It’s another form of BIOS.

28.   What is dual BIOS?

Ans - Dual BIOS™ feature two physical BIOS ROMS mounted onto the motherboard. One chip acts as your "Main" BIOS, or the BIOS your system primarily uses during boot up. The second chip acts as a "Backup" BIOS and has the factory default BIOS version on it.

29.   What is a printer and how many types of printer?

Ans - Printer is an external output device which is used to convert digital data into hard copy.

There are two types of printer-

●       Impact printer.

○       Physical connection b/w print head and media.

○ Ex-dot matrix printer, line printer and character printer.

●       Non-impact printer.

○       Don’t physically connect b/w print head and media. ○ Ex-laser printer, inkjet printer, thermal printer.

31. What is a scanner and how many types of scanner?

Ans - Scanner is an input device to scan documents. It converts hard copies into digital copies.

There are several types of scanner in the market and we pick scanners depending on our needs.

●       Standard Scanner

○       Flatbed Scanner

○ Sheet-Fed Scanner

●       Specialized Scanner - For special scanning needs, several types of specialized scanners are available.

○       Business Card Scanner

○ Photo Scanner

○ Transparency Scanner

○ Drum Scanner

●       Handheld Scanner - They are small, bar-shaped scanners taht are passed over documents to scan them.

●       Scanning App - Several Apps are available that enable you to scan documents using the camera of a smartphone. Example - Google Drive, Cam Scanner, Genius Scanner etc.

32. What is a portable PC and how many types of portable PC?

Ans - A portable computer is a computer that can be easily moved from one place to another. It is Small in size and light in weight. Include all the components of desktop personal computer. All devices connect directly to the motherboard. Have rechargeable batteries instead of power supply so can be used anywhere.

Types Of Portable PC’s

1.      Laptops - A laptop is a portable computer that can perform all tasks that a desktop computer can. A laptop has attached Display, Keyboard, & Touch Pad

2.      Notebooks - Notebook is small & light weight pc. They can fit into briefcase and can be carried anywhere.

3.      Subnotebook - It has small keyboard and screen compared to notebook.

4.      Netbook - A netbook similar to subnotebook is a type of laptop used for general computing & accessing of web based application. Size of screen 5-10 inches diagonally.

5.      Tablet PC - It uses stylus instead of keyboard and mouse.

6.      Smartphone - It’s an advanced mobile phone that combines features of personal computer. It integrates touchscreen display features of tablets and makes it easy to use.

33.   What is a smart phone?

Ans - It’s an advanced mobile phone that combines features of personal computer. It integrates touchscreen display features of tablets and makes it easy to use.

34.   Difference between Desktop & Laptop?

Ans -

Feature	Desktop	Laptop
Portability	Not portable	Portable
Power supply	Main power supply required	Runs on Battery
Size	Large	Small
Keyboard and mouse	External keyboard and mouse is necessary	In-built keyboard and mouse
Power Consumption	High powerful consumption	Low powerful consumption
Repairing complexity	Easy to repair compared to laptops	Complex repairing process
Data ports number	More data ports available	Less data ports available
Weight	Relatively heavier than laptops	Lighter than desktops
Cost	Costs less compared to a laptop	Costs more than desktops
Screen size	Screen size can be 19″ or more.	Screen size ranges from 10″ to 17″.

35.   Nothing :)

OS(Operating System)

Software is a set of programs which helps to intercommunicate b/w users and hardware.

It executes our instruction. Hardware management execution.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

1.      SYSTEM SOFTWARE.

2.      APPLICATION SOFTWARE.

3.      UTILITY SOFTWARE.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE:-

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs. If we think of the computer system as a layered model, the system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications.

1.    COS (CLIENT OPERATING SYSTEM).USE TO CLIENT COMPUTER 2.             NOS(NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM).USE TO SERVER COMPUTER.

COS:-

Client Operating System is a system which works within computer desktops and other portable devices such as laptops and smartphones. Operating systems that are installed on the client's computer device like PC, Laptop are called client OS. This operating system helps computers to run applications.

EXAMPLE:-

●       DOS

●       WIN 95/98

●       WIN 2000

●       WIN 2003

●       WIN XP

●       WIN VISTA

●       WIN 7

●       WIN 8

●       WIN8.1 ● WIN 10

●       WIND 10.1

●       WIN 11

NOS:-

Network Operating System is an operating system that includes special functions for connecting computers and devices into a local-area network (LAN) or Inter-network.

EXAMPLE:-

●       NETWARE

●       UNIX

●       LINUX

●       WIN SERVER 2000

●       WIN SERVER 2003

●       WIN SERVER 2008

●       WIN SERVER 2008 R2 ● WIN SERVER 2012

●       WIN SERVER 2012 R2 ● WIN SERVER 2016

●       WIN SERVER 2016 R2

●       WIN SERVER 2019

●       WIN SERVER 2022

APPLICATION SOFTWARE:-

An application program is a computer program designed to carry out a specific task other than one relating to the operation of the computer itself.

EXAMPLE:-

●       MS OFFICE

●       CHROME

●       VLC

●       TALLY

●       TYPING MASTER

UTILITY SOFTWARE:-

Utility Software is system software that helps to maintain the proper and smooth functioning of a Computer System. It assists the Operating System to manage 3rd party software.

●       Compression Tools.

●       Disk Management Tools.

●       Disk Cleanup Tool.

●       Disk Defragmenter.

●       Backup Utility.

●       Antivirus tool.

●       Rufus bootable tool.

TYPES OF OS ACCORDING INTERFACE:-

        1.     CLI (COMMAND LINE INTERFACE) CMD,DOS,POWERSHELL

CLI is an older method for interacting with applications and operating systems and is used to perform specific tasks required by users. CLI is a text-based interface.

        2.    GUI (GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE) GRAPHICS ICON, FOLDER EASY

GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. It is a visual representation of communication presented to the user for easy interaction with the machine. The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of graphical elements like buttons and icons. Communication can be performed by interacting with these icons rather than the usual text-based or command-based communication.

OPERATING SYSTEM FUNCTION MANAGEMENT: -

●       PROCESS MANAGEMENT.

●       STORAGE MANAGEMENT.

●       ERROR MANAGEMENT.

●       DEVICE MANAGEMENT.

●       DATA MANAGEMENT.

●       I/O MANAGEMENT.

●       SECURITY MANAGEMENT.

●       COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT. ● MEMORY MANAGEMENT.

Windows 10 Installation & Bootable Pendrive

INTRODUCTION OF WINDOWS 10:- (26-july-2015)

Windows 10 is the most recent version of the Microsoft Windows operating system. There have been many different versions of Windows over the years, Including Windows 8 (released in 2012), Windows 7 (2009), Windows Vista (2006), and Windows XP (2001).

While older versions of Windows mainly ran on desktop and laptop computers, Windows 10 is also designed to run equally well on tablets.

FEATURE OF WIN 10:-

●       INTERNET EDGE — USE TO ACCESS ANY WEBSITE.

●       CORTANA – DIGITAL ASSISTANCE

●       MULTIPLE DESKTOP AND TASK VIEWER — ONE OR MORE DESKTOP CREATE.

●       ACTION CENTER — NOTIFICATIONS ARE RUNNING.

●       TABLET MODE.

●       UNIVERSAL APP.

WIN 10 EDITION:-

1.                WIN 10 HOME.

2.                WIN 10 ENTERPRISES

3.                WIN 10 EDUCATION.

4.                WIN 10 PROFESSIONAL.

5.                WIN 10 MOBILE HOME.

6.                WIN 10 MOBILE ENTERPRISES.

MINIMUM HARDWARE REQUIREMENT WIN 10:-

COMPONENT	32 BIT-	64 BIT-
1-CPU	1Ghz	2GHZ
2-RAM	1 GB	2GB
3-HDD	16 GB	20GB
4-GRAPHICS	DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver	800*600 resolution

Type of windows installation:-

There are three types of installation-

1.      Clean installation - A completely new installation of an operating system or application on a computer. In a clean install of an OS, the hard disk is formatted and completely erased.

2.      Upgrade installation - Upgrade installation is a process of installing a newer version of the Windows operating system to replace the existing version.

3.      Dual installation - A dual boot is when you run two operating systems on one computer at the same time. This can be any combination of operating systems, for example, Windows and Mac, Windows and Linux or Windows 7 and Windows 10

Windows installation media:-

There are three media to installation –

1.      CD/DVD.

2.      Bootable USB pen drive.

3.      Network (wds)

Requirement of windows installation:-

●       Download ISO file.

●       Burn CD/DVD/create bootable USB/connect server pc.

●       Open BIOS settings and select boot sequence (primary –boot media and secondary—HDD)

How to check computer hardware requirements?

●       This PC properties.

●       RUN-type – msinfo32

●       Check hdd-run-type — diskmgmt.msc

Bootable USB command:-

To create a bootable USB flash drive

1.      Insert a USB flash drive into a running computer.

2.      Open a Command Prompt window as an administrator.

3.      Type Diskpart.

4.      In the new command line window that opens, to determine the USB flash drive number or drive letter, at the command prompt, type List Disk, and then click ENTER. The list disk command displays all the disks on the computer. Note the drive number or drive letter of the USB flash drive.

5.      At the command prompt, type Select Disk <X>, where X is the drive number or drive letter of the USB flash drive, and then click ENTER.

6.      Type Clean, and the click ENTER. This command deletes all data from the USB flash drive.

7.      To create a new primary partition on the USB flash drive, type Create Partition Primary, and then click ENTER.

8.      To select the partition that you just created, type Select Partition 1, and then click ENTER.

9.      To format the partition, type Format fs=ntfs quick, and then click ENTER.

Important - If your server platform supports Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), you should format the USB flash drive as FAT32 rather than as NTFS. To format the partition as FAT32, type format fs=fat32 quick, and then click ENTER.

10.   Type Active, and then click ENTER.

11.   Type exit, and then click ENTER.

12.   When you finish preparing your custom image, save it to the root of the USB flash drive.

Virtual Machine

Virtualization in computing refers to the creation of virtual instances or representations of various computer resources, such as hardware platforms, operating systems, storage devices, or network resources. These virtual instances simulate the behaviour and functionality of physical resources, allowing multiple virtual environments to run concurrently on a single physical system. Virtualization is a fundamental technology that has transformed the IT industry by improving resource utilization, scalability, and management of computing resources.

Benefits of Virtualization:

1.      Resource Utilization: Virtualization enables better utilization of physical hardware. It allows multiple virtual machines (VMs) to run on a single physical server, ensuring that computing resources are used efficiently. This reduces the need for additional hardware and can lead to significant cost savings.

2.      Isolation: Virtualization provides strong isolation between virtual environments. This means that problems in one VM (e.g., crashes or security breaches) do not affect other VMs running on the same physical host.

3.      Flexibility and Scalability: Virtualization makes it easy to scale resources up or down as needed. You can allocate more CPU, memory, or storage to a VM without having to purchase or install additional physical hardware.

4.      Resource Partitioning: Virtualization allows you to allocate specific amounts of resources (CPU, RAM, storage) to each VM, ensuring that critical applications get the necessary resources without interference from other VMs.

5.      Hardware Independence: Virtualization abstracts the underlying hardware, making it possible to move VMs between different physical servers without compatibility issues. This enables workload mobility and simplifies hardware upgrades.

Types of Virtualization:

●       Desktop virtualization

●       Network virtualization

●       Storage virtualization

●       Data virtualization

●       Application virtualization

●       Data centre virtualization

●       CPU virtualization

●       GPU virtualization

●       Linux virtualization

●       Cloud virtualization

Software Used For Virtualization:-

●       Hyper-V

●       VMware

●       Virtual Box

How to Enable Hyper-V:-

●       Go to Control Panel

●       Go to Programs & Features ● Click on “Turn Windows Features On or Off” ● Click on Hyper-V and Enable it & Restart Computer.

Win+R => appwiz.cpl => Program & Features

Desktop Personalization

Desktop personalization also involves selecting from a variety of available themes, which combine desktop backgrounds, window colour schemes, sounds and screen savers. In the Windows environment, any user can personalise a desktop for his user account. When users share a computer with multiple user accounts, each user can personalise the desktop for his own account. or

Desktop personalization is the process of adjusting the look, feel and organisation of a Windows end-user experience.

Right Click

●       View => Icon Size, Align icon, hide/show icon

●       Sort By => Name, Size, Item type, Date

●       Refresh

●       Copy/Paste

●       New

●       Display Settings

●       Personalize

Display Settings

●       Display => Night mode, Resolution, size, orientation etc.

●       Sound

●       Notification & Action

●       Focus Assist

●       Power & Sleep => Additional power settings

●       Storage

●       Tablet

●       Multitasking

●       Projecting to Pc

●       Clipboard

●       Remote Desktop

●       About

Personalize

●       Background => Wallpaper, fit, high contrast

●       Color => Dark Mode

●       LockScreen => Lockscreen widgets - calendar, mail, weather, alarm etc.

●       Themes => Desktop icon settings

●       Font

●       Start

●       Taskbar

Mouse & Keyboard Settings

Program & Features - Apps

How to go to Program & Features:-

●       Win+R => appwiz.cpl => Program & Features

●       Control Panel => Programs => Program & Features ● Settings => Apps => Program & Features

Types Of Apps:-

1.      System Software

2.      Application Software

3.      Utility Software

4.      Drivers

System software, application software, utility software, and drivers are all different types of software that serve distinct roles in the functioning of a computer system. Here's a breakdown of the differences between them:

System Software:- System software serves as the foundational software that manages and controls the hardware components of a computer system. It acts as an intermediary between the hardware and application software. Examples: Operating systems like Windows, macOS, Linux, and firmware like BIOS/UEFI.

Application Software:- Application software, also known as "apps," are programs designed for specific tasks or applications. They enable users to perform various functions and tasks, such as word processing, web browsing, gaming, and multimedia editing.

Examples: Microsoft Word, Google Chrome, Adobe Photoshop, and video games like Minecraft.

Utility Software:- Utility software is a category of software designed to perform specific maintenance, management, or optimization tasks on a computer system. It helps improve system performance, security, and user productivity.

Examples: Antivirus software (e.g., Norton, McAfee), file compression tools (e.g., WinZip, 7-Zip), disk cleanup utilities (e.g., CCleaner), and backup software (e.g., Acronis True Image).

Drivers:- Drivers are a type of software that facilitates communication between the operating system and hardware devices. They act as translators, allowing the operating system to understand and interact with hardware components like graphics cards, printers, and network adapters.

Examples: Graphics card drivers (e.g., NVIDIA or AMD drivers), printer drivers, network card drivers, and sound card drivers

User Management

User management describes the ability for administrators to manage user access for various IT resources like systems, devices, applications, storage, networks.

What is a user account?

A user account is an identity created for a person in a computer or computing system.

Ex - Administrator, Microsoft Account, Domain Account, Standard Account, Guest Account

Types Of User Accounts:-

1.      Built User Account

2.      Custom User Account

Windows 10 User Account:-

●       Local Account

○       Administrator

○ Standard

○ Guest

●       Network Account

○       Domain Account

○ Microsoft Account

○ Azure Account

Practical:-

●       Access User Account Settings

●       Check type of User Account

●       Create User Account

●       Set Password, Picture

●       Switch User Account

●       Change Account type

●       Enable/Disable User Account

●       Create User Account in Cmd

●       Delete User Account

Cmd Command to check User Account:-

●       net user

Create User Account from CMD:-

●       Net user /add Username Password

●       Net user Username Password /del            [Note - To Delete User Account]

●       Net localgroup administrators Username /add     [Note - To Create Admin User Account]

Difference Between Switch User & Sign Out:-

"Switch User" allows you to change to a different user account without closing any open applications or ending your current session, while "Sign Out" closes your current user session and returns you to the login screen, terminating all running apps and processes.

Disk Management

Disk Management is an utility tool which helps us to manage the disk drive of the computer that includes internal & external hard disk.

Difference between Basic Disk & Dynamic Disk:-

S.No.	BASIC DISK	DYNAMIC DISK
1	MAXIMUM 4 PARTITION	128 PARTITION CREATE.
2	4 TB STORAGE	16 TB STORAGE
3	USE FOR OS INSTALLATION	USE FOR DATA STORAGE
4	DON’T LOSE DATA WHEN WE CONVERT BASIC TO DYNAMIC DISK	LOOS THE DATA WHEN WE CONVERT DYNAMIC TO BASIC DISK.
5	MBR PARTITION SUPPORT	GPT PARTITION SUPPORT

Difference between MBR & GPT:-

Feature	MBR	GPT
Full Form	Master Boot Record	GUID Partition Table
Max Partition Size	2.2 terabytes (TB)	9.4 zettabytes (ZB)
Max No. of Partitions	Up to 4 primary partitions or 3 primary partitions + 1 extended partition with multiple logical partitions.	Up to 128 primary partitions (in theory, practical limits may vary).
Booting	Supports booting from BIOS-based systems (legacy)	Supports booting from both BIOS-based (legacy) and UEFI systems.
OS Support	Windows 95/98, Windows Xp, Windows 2000, Windows Vista & 7	New OS like Windows 8, 8.1, 10 & 11

Partition Types:-

●       RAID Partition - RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a technology that combines multiple physical disks for performance or redundancy. Eg. RAID 5

●       Pool Partition - A "Pool" typically refers to a storage pool, where multiple drives are grouped together. Within a pool, you can create virtual disks, which can be partitioned for data storage. ● Partial Partition - Equal space is created for backup.

=> Win+R => diskmgmt.msc

Practical:-

●       Access Disk Management tool

●       Identify type of HDD & it storage

●       Create, Rename, Delete, Hide Unhide, Extend Shrink Partition/Volume ● Set Quota in Partition/Volume

●       Disk Cleanup

●       Disk Defragment

●       Create Virtual HDD

●       Create Pool Partition

●       Create Partition/Volume using CMD

Create Partition/Volume using CMD:-

➔   Diskpart

➔   List disk

➔   Select disk 0

➔   List volume

➔   Create partition primary

➔   Assign letter=X

➔   Format fs=ntfs quick

Delete Partition Using CMD:-

➔   Diskpart

➔   List disk

➔   Select disk 0

➔   List partition

➔   Select partition 2

➔   Delete partition

Device Management

Device Manager a Utility tool that displays a graphical view of the hardware that is installed on your computer. This tool is used when you want to view and manage hardware devices and their drivers.

Run Command:-

● Win + R => devmgmt.msc

➔   Update Drivers

➔   Uninstall Drivers

➔   Enable/Disable Drivers

➔   Properties

Third Party Software for Drivers:-

1.      IO Bit Driver

2.      DPS (Driverpack Solution)

MAC Address/IP Address

Address:- A unique identifier assigned to distinguish different devices on a network or the location of data in a computer's MEMORY.

Types Of Address:-

●       Physical Address — Mac Address

●       Logical Address — IP Address

Difference Between MAC Address & IP Address:-

MAC Address	IP Address
Media Access Control	Internet Protocol
Permanent Address	Temporary Address
48 bit address	ipv4=32 bit & ipv6=128bit
6 segment each 8 bit	Ipv4=4 segment each 8 bit & ipv6=8 segment each 8 bit
Works on 2nd layer of OSI Model	Works on 3rd layer of OSI Model
CMD = getmac	CMD = ipconfig_all
Provided by NIC Manufacturer	Provided by ARPA & IANA

Number System:-

S.No.	Octa No.	Decimal No.	Hexadecimal No.	Binary (8 4 2 1)
	Base 8 - 0to7	Base 10 - 0to9	Base 16 - 0to9, AtoF	Base 8 - 0&1
0	0	0	0	0 0 0 0
1	1	1	1	0 0 0 1
2	2	2	2	0 0 1 0
3	3	3	3	0 0 1 1
4	4	4	4	0 1 0 0
5	5	5	5	0 1 0 1
6	6	6	6	0 1 1 0
7	7	7	7	0 1 1 1
8	-	8	8	1 0 0 0
9	-	9	9	1 0 0 1
10	-	-	10=A	1 0 1 0
11	-	-	11=B	1 0 1 1
12	-	-	12=C	1 1 0 0
13	-	-	13=D	1 1 0 1
14	-	-	14=E	1 1 1 0
15	-	-	15=F	1 1 1 1

Topics:-

●       About IP Address

●       Types of Ip address

●       Versions of IP Address ● Special IP Address

●       Services of IP Address

●       Configuration of IP Address ● USE of Cmd in IP Address

Types of IP Address:-

Private IP Address	Public IP Address
Uses Lan network	Uses Public Network
Not recognized on the internet	Recognized on the internet
Free of cost	Have to pay for Public IP
Unique only in LAN	Unique Globally
Provided by self/user	Provided by ISP
Changes according to requirement	Does not changes
Manual & Dynamic Configuration	Automatic IP
CMD - ipconfg	Browser - MY Public IP

Difference Between IPv4 & IPv6:-

IPv4		IPv6
Old Version	New Version
2-32 Bit 232Net	2-128 Bit 34*1038Net
4 Segment Add Every Seg 8bits	8 Seg Add Every Seg 16 Bits
Less Secure	High Security
Uses (.)	Denoted By (:)
Classful Address	Classless Address
Subnetting Supported	Does not supports subnetting
Changes From Source To Destination	Does Not Changes From Source To Destination
Support Nat /Pat Services	Can Not Use Nat/Pat Services
Network Use Unicast,Multicast,Broadcast	Network Use Unicast,Multicast,Anycast
Octa & Decimal	Decimal & Hexadecimal

IP Address Classes:-

Classes	IP Range	Subnet Mask
Class A	0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255	255.0.0.0
Class B	128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255	255.255.0.0
Class C	192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255	255.255.255.0
Class D	224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255	-
Class E	240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255	-

Special Ip Address:● Private Ip Address

Classes	Range
Class A	10.0.0.1 to 10.255.255.255
Class B	172.16.0.1 to 172.31.255.255
Class C	192.168.0.1 to 192.168.255.255

●       Loopback Ip Address - 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.255

●       Locallink IP Address - 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.255

●       Multicast Address - 224 to 239

●       Broadcast Address - 255.255.255.255

Services of IP Address:-

1.      DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

2.      DNS - Domain Name Server

3.      APIPA - Automatic Private Ip Address

4.      NAT - Network Address Translation

Run Command - ncpa.cpl

Practical Topics

1.      Access TCP/IP Settings

2.      Show IP & MAC Address

3.      Configure IP Address Manually & Automatically

4.      Create LAN using Private IP Address & Share folder in lan network

5.      Ping one pc to another

6.      Use commands in cmd

Bitlocker & Bitlocker to Go

BitLocker is a full volume encryption feature included with Microsoft Windows versions starting with Windows Vista. It is designed to protect data by providing encryption for entire volumes.

Bitlocker can only be unlocked by password or recovery key.

Types of Bitlocker:-

1.      Bitlocker Drive - Encrypt Internal Drive

2.      Bitlocker To Go - Encrypt Removable Device (Usb Pen Drive ,External Hdd Etc)

Firewall & Defender

A firewall is a network security device and software that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and permits or blocks data packets based on a set of security rules. Its purpose is to establish a barrier between your internal network and incoming traffic from external sources (such as the internet) in order to block malicious traffic like viruses and hackers.

Types Of Firewall:-

●       Hardware Firewall - firewall is a device to protect your network from unauthorised users and viruses. It is used in large organisations like - paloalto, intel, cisco etc.

●       Software Firewall - It is a software in the OC, Antivirus

Protect network-

●       Public network(internet)

●       Private network(lan)

●       Domain network(server to client)

Run command-firewall.cpl

WINDOWS DEFENDER:-

Windows Defender is a software application that safeguards a system from malware. It was an anti-spyware program built to fight unauthorised access and protect Windows computers from unwanted software. Introduced with the Windows Vista installation pack, it is now available for free download as part of Microsoft Security Essentials.

Parental Control:-

●       Go to Internet Options

●       Go to Connections

●       Go to LAN Settings

●       Use Proxy with the Port No. 80 and IP Address - 127.0.0.1

●       Go to advanced and give the links of sites you want to allow & save the settings.

File Sharing & Printer Sharing

Topics:-

●       How to Share Folder in a LAN network

●       How to install printer drivers

●       How to print using printer sharing ● What is Map Network

Printer Registry Editing:-

●       Open Registry Editor

●       Go to “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE”

●       Go to “System”

●       Go to “CurrentControlSet”

●       Go to “Control”

●       Go to “Print”

●       Go to new and then click on “Dword 32Bit”

●       Now rename it to “RpcAuthnLevelPrivacyEnabled”

Remote Management

Remote Management is managing a computer or a network from a remote location. It involves installing software and managing all activities on the systems/network, workstations, servers, or (endpoints of a client, from a remote location)

Remote Desktop Tools-

By default built in your windows-local area network

●       Remote desktop.

○ Remote desktop service enable

○ Connection established

○ Firewall off and enable

○ Both device are ping

○ Username and password

○ Computer name

●       Remote assistance - Invite is sent to connect and both the host and client devices are operable.

Third Party Tool:-

●       Any desk

●       Ammyy admin

●       Team Viewer

Windows Update

Updates:-

●       Software updates are also known as patches, and are released for a variety of reasons.

●       Upgrade patches are pieces of software that have the latest version of windows and new features.

●       An update will improve application's stability.

●       An update is issued to fix a bug or security hole within Windows.

Need for OS Update:-

●       The first version of any OS had bugs and errors. As people use the OS, new requirements keep coming up.

●       Security features are one of the key elements that always need to be updated.

●       Not installing OS updates regularly can affect security of the system. It can result in loss of confidential information and even in damage of all the data. Therefore, installing OS updates is very important.

Windows Updates are classified in four categories:-

●       Optional

●       Featured

●       Recommended

●       Important

Windows updates can be configured to install either automatically or manually.

Windows 10 automatically downloads and install all updates. If a driver or update causes problems, you can uninstall it and block Windows from downloading it again.

Backup & Restore

BACKUP - Computer backup is a process that copies all your files, data and information to effectively create two versions, one on your original devices and one backup. It is designed to protect all of your important files and pictures, even the ones you save to an external hard drive.

WHY WE TAKING BACKUP?

●       HDD FAILURE

●       VIRUS

●       PHYSICAL DAMAGE

●       DELETE ACCIDENTALLY.

●       SYSTEM CRASH

WHERE We Take BACKUP?

●       EXTERNAL HDD.

●       CLOUD

●       SERVER

Backup Recovery/Restore:-

Recovery is the process where you retrieve data and Restore is where you put the data at its original location to avoid downtime.

Advanced Restore Option:-

●       Go to advanced options by shift+restart or recovery option in settings.

●       Go to troubleshooting

●       Go to system restore and select your backup file

●       Then enter the password and the restore process starts.

PC Reset & Repair

PC RESET

In a computer or data transmission system, a reset clears any pending errors or events and brings a system to normal condition or an initial state, usually in a controlled manner.

PC REPAIR

Computer repair is the process of identifying, troubleshooting and resolving problems and issues in a faulty

SYSTEM RECOVERY

PC recovery is the process of recovering a PC from software- or hardware-based problems and restoring it to normal working condition. It enables PC users to regain basic operations on their computers after experiencing a crash, corruption, physical/technical error or other problems that have made the PC inaccessible.

Virus & Antivirus

About Virus:-

A computer virus is a type of malicious software, or malware that spreads b/w computers and causes damage to data, software and hardware.

How viruses spread on computers:-

●       Internet.—untrusted sites ,pop up ,e-mail spam mail

●       Local area network.---server to client

●       USB pen drive.-● CD/DVD.

Effects of virus in your system:-

●       Slow processing.

●       Hanging issues.

●       freeze device. ● Hard disk damage ● Bios is corrupt. ● Data delete.

●       Data copy

●       Shortcut file generate.

●       Lock the whole system.

●       Access credential information.

●       Mail access.

●       Corrupt operating system and software.

Types of popular virus in computer:-

●       File virus.---infects the system file.

●       Boot sector virus-infects the hard disk boot sector.

●       Macro virus● Phishing virus● Spyware virus● Ransomware virus.

●       Spam virus.

●       Trojan virus. ● Harsh virus.

●       Worm virus.

How to kill virus:-

A computer virus is defined as a piece of code that performs malicious action to remove a virus from a computer, download an antivirus software, firewall, total security.

Computer antivirus:-

Antivirus is a kind of software used to prevent, scan, detect and delete viruses from computers. Once installed, most antivirus software runs automatically in the background to provide real time protection against virus attacks.

Top antivirus software:-

There are many types of antivirus software available free and paid.

●       Quick heal total security.

●       McAfee.

●       AVG

●       Norton.

●       A vast.

●       K7 total security.

●       Bit defender.

●       Guardian net secure.

●       Kaspersky anti-virus.

●       Panda.

●       360 antivirus.

Workgroup & Domain

WHAT IS WORKGROUP:-

A workgroup is a peer-to-peer network using Microsoft software.

A workgroup allows all participating and connected systems to access shared resources such as files, system resources and printers.

What is Homegroup:-

HomeGroup is a feature available in Windows 7 and higher whereby computers that are connected via a home network are able to share files, printers and data.

There is no limit to the number of computers that can be linked through the home network, and special permissions and privacy can be added to folders in connected systems.

What is Domain:-

When referring to a computer network, a domain is a group of resources assigned to a specific group of individuals. It is used to divide global areas or departments of a corporation. A domain may need to be specified when mapping a network computer or drive.

Domain Setup:-

●       Go to system properties

●       Click on Change settings

●       Change workgroup to domain

●       Type server.com & then restart pc ● After restart type username & password ● Then enter the domain name.

Basic Networking

Network – network is a process to connect two or more devices to each other using any media (wired and wireless). Is called a network.

Networking – It is a process to share files,software,hardware resources in a network called networking.

Types of networking:-

Configurational

1.      Peer to Peer

2.      Server to Client

Geographical

1.      PAN

2.      LAN

3.      CAN

4.      MAN

5.      WAN

Peer To Peer :-

In peer-to-peer (p2p) networking, a group of computers are linked together with equal permissions and responsibilities for processing data. It is also called pan network.

●       Server – high configuration computer to provide service to client computers connected in the network.

●       Client - it is a basic computer connected in network access services to a server computer.

Pan Network:-

●       Pan is a personal area network which is referred to the interconnection of information technology devices mostly up to 10 meters. These interconnected devices might include laptop computers, mobile phones, printers or other computer devices. It is also known as a wireless personal area network (wpan)

●       Stand for personal area network

●       Interconnecting electronic devices within an individual work space.

●       Pan provides data transmission among devices (ex. Computer,tablet,digital assistant,smartphone, bluetooth printer.)

Lan Network:-

●       Stand for local area network

●       Use to connect group of devices in a single collision domain using a central devices (hub and switch)

●       Rage 100m ● User-limited ● Secure network.

●       Bandwidth /frequency– 100/1000/10,000

Use home,office,building,hospital,school

Standard – IEEE

●       Which type cable use in lan network - twisted pair cable

Can Network:-

●       Stand for campus area network

●       Group of lan connect using backbone cable

●       Range up to 10km

●       Use university,largeorgonization ● Limited area.

Man Network:-

●       Stand for metropolitan area network.

●       Group of lan is called man.

●       Range 100km

●       User variable

●       Bandwidth variable

●       Use city to city connectivity ● Standard IEEE

Wan Network:-

●       Stand for wide area network ● Large area network.

●       Group of lan and man is called wan

●       User unlimited

●       Bandwidth 10 mbps to 100 gbps

●       Standard – ITU

●       It also called internet

Transmission Media:-

Transmission media is a media to transfer/forward data from one device to another device.

Types Of Transition Media:-

●       Wired (guided)

●       Wireless (unguided)

Wired – it is a group of computers connected by cable called wired.

Wireless - it is a group of computers connected without cable called wireless.

Characteristics Of Cable:-

1.      Segment length-total length of cable –twisted pair cable-100m, coaxial cable - 500m ,foc –up to 70 km

2.      Bandwidth-amount of data – 10 mbps ,100 mbps ,1gbps.

3.      Frequency- speed of data – 100 mhz ,1000mhz ,1 ghz.

4.      Interference—EMF ,RF signal to interfere with your signal.

5.      Crosstalk

6.      Attenuation- Is a process to decries energy.

Data Communication Mode:-

Data Transmission mode defines the direction of the flow of information between two communication devices.

1.      Simplex mode (only one side data transfer) ex- remote ,keyboard ,mouse etc

2.      Half duplex mode (Half-Duplex is the data transmission mode in which the data can flow in both directions but in one direction at a time.) ex—Bluetooth ,hub , internet.

3.      Full duplex mode(Full-Duplex is the data transmission mode in which the data can flow in both directions at the same time) ex- telephone communication

Types Of Cable:-

●       Coaxial cable

●       Twisted pair cable

●       Fiber optical cable

Coaxial Cable:-

●       It made up of pure single copper wire

●       It also called backbone cable

●       Segment length 500m

●       Bandwidth 10 mbps

●       It use BNC (British Naval Connector) connector

●       It work half duplex mode

●       Costly

●       Difficult to install

●       Use video,audio,telecommunication

Types Of Coaxial Cable:-

1.      10 base 2 (thin net coaxial cable)–segment length-200 m RG-58

2.      10 base 5 (thick net coaxial cable) –segment length – 500 m RG-8

Twisted Pair Cable:-

●       Which two condectors of a single circuit are twisted together for porposes of canceling out emi form eternal source.

Segment length 100m

Bandwidth 100,1000,10,000 mbps

●       It use rj45 connector

●       Use in lan network

●       Full duplex mode

●       Cheap and best

●       Total 8 wire (4 wire for power,4 wire for data transfer)

Types Of Twisted Pair Cable:-

UTP	STP
Unshielded twisted pair cable	Shielded twisted pair cable
Cheap and best	Costly
Easy to install	Difficult to install
Use in internal network (home, office)	Use in internal ,external network
Do not protected interference and crosstalk	Protected interference and crosstalk

Twisted Pair Cable Category:-

Category	Speed		Range	Name
Cat 4	10 Mbps	100 m		Token ring network
Cat 5	100 Mbps	100 m		Token ring network, fast ethernet
Cat 5e	1000 Mbps	100 m		Ethernet, fast ethernet gigabit ethernet
Cat 6	10 Gbps	100 m		Ethernet, fast ethernet gigabit ethernet
Cat 6a	10 Gbps	100 m		Ethernet, fast ethernet gigabit ethernet
Cat 7	10 Gbps	100 m		10gb ethernet
Cat 8	40 Gbps	30 m		40gb ethernet

Fiber Optical Cable:-

●       It a high speed data transfer cable

●       It made up pure silica glass

●       It use light technology(led ,laser ) to transfer data

●       It also called backbone cable

●       It use sc,st,sma,mis connector

●       Costly some other type of cable

●       Difficult to install ● Segment length up to 70 km

Bandwidth 100gbps

Protected interference ,crosstalk,attivation (water proof also)

Types Of Cable:-

● Single-mode FOC - Only one signal to transmit or only one side (unidirectional) ● Multi-mode FOC - One or more signal to transmit at a time

Color Code Method:-

IEEE EIA/TIA568 - A		IEEE EIA/TIA 568 - B
White Green	White Orange
Green	Orange
White Orange	White Green
Blue	Blue
White Blue	White Blue
Orange	Green
White Brown	White Brown
Brown	Brown

Types of cabling:-

●       Straight Cabling

●       Crossover Cabling

●       Roll Over/Console Cabling

Straight Cabling:-

●       When We Connect Different-Different Devices

●       Pc To Switch ,Pc To Router

●       Both Side Same Color Code Method

Cross Over Cabling:-

●       When We Connect Same/Same Device’s

●       Pc To Pc ,Laptop To Laptop, Switch To Switch, Hub To Hub ● Both Side Different Color Code Method

Roll Over /Console Cabling:-

Buy From Market

It Use For Configure (Manageable Switch And Modular Router)

Tools For Cabling:-

●       Crimping Tool

●       Wire Cutter

●       Wire Stripper

●       Electric Tape

●       Lan Tester

●       Digital MultiMeter

●       Cable Tie / Cable Identify

●       Punch Down Tool

●       Electric Tester (Line Tester)